hannibal_tajima @ 2010-03-29T18:35:00
Depression
definition
mental illness is one of mood disorders as affective disorders
= Frequent fluctuations of mood and drive there
Stay feelings of sadness and loneliness for a long time, can state to develop depression
For example, after death of a close relative
often associated with feeling of deep sadness
Many tell of agonizing emotional emptiness
feel throughout their life strongly affected
succeed often difficult to perform daily tasks
strong self-doubt of interest + no longer for things that had them previously important
distraction + encouragement give the other no relief
frequency
One of the most common mental disorders
risk is 16 to 20 percent
affects women more often
can occur at any age it
The most common between the ages of 18 and 25
After a depressive phase is about half of those affected developed depression again
causes
Caused by the interaction of different biological and psychological causes
if increased susceptibility is able to stressful life events have a depressive illness cause
Example:
• long-lasting excessive demands in the workplace
• relationship problems
In these cases we speak of a primary depression
secondary depression is triggered by other mental or physical illness
Biological factors
The trigger or risk factor of primary depression -> Features in Setup + activity of the brain into question
example in depressed people are in the brain regions responsible for development of objectives and the emergence of positive emotional states are less active control
brain areas that behavior in new situations + by social contacts -> much less pronounced
brain areas involved in the generation of negative emotions -> over active
brain structures that regulate the release of stress hormones -> overactive
Some special features in brain metabolism:
serotonin and norepinephrine available to a lesser extent
play in the development + regulation of emotions important role
Notes genetic predispositions:
increased risk if there are close relatives already diagnosed with depression or were
physical ailments depressive disorders cause
Example:
• epilepsy or thyroid disease
connection with drugs that are used as a cancer treatment be -> A triggering depression
Psychological factors
negative thought patterns that were acquired in childhood -> often responsible for primary depression
negative experiences with previous caregivers
disregard by parents or violence
often lead to feelings of self-rejection + development negative self-image
affected tend to their environment to deal with suspicious and pessimistic
In consequence, they suggest even neutral events as negative + as confirmation of their worldview
New positive events - have not> as such perceived
vicious circle that is maintained by looking at the world
Another factor is dealing with failures
before their depression often experienced situations where it was not possible to influence circumstances or control
The result was Feeling of helplessness
feeling is reflected -> very passive in dealing with problems
behavior do not see themselves in a position to influence their lives positively
tendency for increased vulnerability to negative events to this cause alone with him to seek
more explanations
try to explain how depressions arise + as they are maintained
set scale of positive experiences in the center that someone play experiences in response to behavior
two factors central role influencing
circumstances of people , how often positive emotions such as joy or satisfaction experienced
own behavior influences degree of pleasant consequences:
• Someone who can go to other forms, obtained, for example, more positive feedback from other people
• Depressed behavior -> withdrawal and passivity -> ; negative feedback + failures
• boosts the depressive behavior
symptoms
typical symptoms: depressed mood
loss of interest
sadness, sadness, helplessness, hopelessness
fears, guilt
impaired concentration
withdrawal, avoidance
reduction of the drive
In severe depressive symptoms:
crippling feeling of numbness
The mood is largely independent of external influences
successes or enjoyable activities - work> no mood improvement
often listless
most pessimistic towards the future with confidence
Often thought of suicide often withdraw from social environment
disturbed sleep and appetite
feel in physical expression (movement, facial expressions) inhibited
Some find it difficult to sleep + have to move constantly
can strong anxiety + irritability thereby be
themselves blame them on relatively minor incidents + develop an irrational fear of possible consequences
Some are affected by many physical complaints
dizziness, headache, throat Kloßgefühl
no medical explanation for
In rare cases, severe psychotic symptoms:
hear such voices they abuse or developing delusions
diagnosis
diagnosis is made when:
present two of the core symptoms
• depressed mood
• loss of interest
• joylessness
• Drive reduction
the person in two other symptoms suffered
• sleep
• fears
• impaired concentration
These symptoms occur at least two weeks
Depending on how many symptoms are present:
light, a moderate or severe depression
single phase of depressive symptoms -> depressive episode
repeated episodes -> recurrent depressive disorder
Some symptoms are not strong enough to be able to detect a depressive episode -> the depressive state but holds on for years on
is it is a dysthymia
The doctor or psychologist + in-depth discussion
shows how many symptoms of depression are present
serve So-called interview guidelines to assist
series of questionnaires that capture whether and to what extent depressive symptoms in the past have existed
including physical and neurological examinations
diseases such as Alzheimer's and dementia and cardiovascular disorders and infectious diseases as a cause
therapy
excluded as biological and psychological causes -> therapy usually two levels:
medical
psychotherapy
combination increases the probability of success Medical treatment
medical therapy focus
antidepressants, which act the balance of brain chemicals influence
in regulation only after two to three weeks
lead in start time increased to severe side effects
Fatigue
nausea
first detected after the time that drug works
If not, or can be side effects after the first two to three weeks after
treatment with another antidepressant useful
After resolution of symptoms antidepressants should have a time be taken further to avoid long
relapses
If drugs are sold -> Symptoms may occur again
In addition to drug therapy, yet: sleep deprivation
Light Therapy •
is mostly used for winter depression occurring (Known as seasonal depression)
SSRI and SNRI
In the case of drug treatment of depression with and without anxiety symptoms are often used:
• selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI)
• Citalopram
• fluoxetine
• Serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRI) used
• Venlafaxine
SNRIs and SSRIs specifically inhibit the resumption of brain chemicals serotonin or serotonin and noradrenaline in the nerve cell
This extension of positive action
lightens the mood + alleviates fears
Rare side effects:
• Cardiovascular complaints
• Headache
• nausea
• digestive problems
SNRI should not be taken with triptan drugs
Are SNRIs such as venlafaxine after resolution of depressive symptoms have taken longer -> rare relapses
Other antidepressants
MAO inhibitors such as moclobemide and tri-and tetracyclic antidepressants such as doxepin
prevent the degradation of certain brain chemicals
This are chemical messengers in higher concentrations -> alleviate feelings of anxiety and depression
tri-and tetracyclic antidepressants resolve anxiety and reassure
affect the concentration of neurotransmitters in the brain -> Record in the nerve cells resistant
messengers in higher concentrations for transmission between nerve cells available
benzodiazepines
bridge to antidepressant effect -> in some cases so-called benzodiazepines -> ; treatment of depressive symptoms
soothe and promote sleep
Psychotherapeutic treatment
goal -> depressive behaviors and thought patterns to reduce and replace them with positive
against activity and loss of interest and the associated Lack of positive experiences to address
develop a more active day structure
aware enjoyable activities into daily schedule schedule
regular and active daily routine -> Lower withdrawal behavior
again a positive experience + discover lost interest again with increasing time
initial hard make life more active again
In time, however, most felt that the activation brightens their mood for
social environment -> communication exercises and role-plays - 'positive interactions with other people (social skills training)
The negative thought patterns Another approach
express themselves in a negative world view, self-depreciation or self-doubt
Psychotherapy works out whether they are consistent with the reality
reviewed how this will affect the own-being
then develop common realistic ways of thinking, the negative thought patterns to counter particularly
severe depression -> any therapy outpatient hospital
Light and moderate depression in general.
After the acute symptoms of depression -> make sense in a deep psychological Treatment causes get to the bottom
course
course different
depends on various factors
decisive factors are the number of previously experienced depressive episodes, the length of these episodes and the severity of depression
depressive episode lasts usually about five months reach
time between periods of depression on average about four to five years
Up to two thirds of those affected substantial improvement to the healing of chronic
-> 10 to 20 percent
15 percent -> suicide
prognosis of sex of the person concerned + Influenced the course:
women have an increased risk of suffering from depression
a young age already sick or have already experienced a depressive episode -> at risk of experiencing a further episode of depression
especially important that those affected by drug + maintenance therapy psychotherapeutic strategies prevent
75 percent of the cases - support> other symptoms, a depressive disorder:
physical illnesses such as asthma and cardiovascular disease
mental disorders such as anxiety disorders, eating disorders and substance abuse prevention
help Certain practices prevent depression
praise for small successes and value
activate themselves and positive plan activities
positive thoughts
particularly important in difficult phases
nobody
protected distinguish often difficult to know if being normal reaction on critical circumstances, or whether they hold a depression
symptoms despite improvements to -> professional help
The later the treatment, the worse the prognosis
solidify with time, negative thought patterns + Experience positive events and more rare.
therapy carry out at least until stabilized and relapse risk was minimized apply
conduct further + monitor own being continuously
can help diary countermeasures
first warning signs of a recurring depression quickly
© http://www. onmeda.de / diseases / depression.html ; 23.56 clock, Saturday, 10/04/2010, as of 25 June 2009
